Bit-Wise Operations

~(x)

Bitwise not.

See also: !, &, |.

Examples

julia> ~4
-5

julia> ~10
-11

julia> ~true
false

x & y

Bitwise and. Implements three-valued logic, returning missing if one operand is missing and the other is true. Add parentheses for function application form: (&)(x, y).

See also: |, xor, &&.

Examples

julia> 4 & 10
0

julia> 4 & 12
4

julia> true & missing
missing

julia> false & missing
false

x | y

Bitwise or. Implements three-valued logic, returning missing if one operand is missing and the other is false.

See also: &, xor, ||.

Examples

julia> 4 | 10
14

julia> 4 | 1
5

julia> true | missing
true

julia> false | missing
missing

xor(x, y)
⊻(x, y)

Bitwise exclusive or of x and y. Implements three-valued logic, returning missing if one of the arguments is missing.

The infix operation a ⊻ b is a synonym for xor(a,b), and ⊻ can be typed by tab-completing \xor or \veebar in the Julia REPL.

Examples

julia> xor(true, false)
true

julia> xor(true, true)
false

julia> xor(true, missing)
missing

julia> false ⊻ false
false

julia> [true; true; false] .⊻ [true; false; false]
3-element BitVector:
 0
 1
 0

xor(x, y)
⊻(x, y)

Bitwise exclusive or of x and y. Implements three-valued logic, returning missing if one of the arguments is missing.

The infix operation a ⊻ b is a synonym for xor(a,b), and ⊻ can be typed by tab-completing \xor or \veebar in the Julia REPL.

Examples

julia> xor(true, false)
true

julia> xor(true, true)
false

julia> xor(true, missing)
missing

julia> false ⊻ false
false

julia> [true; true; false] .⊻ [true; false; false]
3-element BitVector:
 0
 1
 0

<<(B::BitVector, n) -> BitVector

Left bit shift operator, B << n. For n >= 0, the result is B with elements shifted n positions backwards, filling with false values. If n < 0, elements are shifted forwards. Equivalent to B >> -n.

Examples

julia> B = BitVector([true, false, true, false, false])
5-element BitVector:
 1
 0
 1
 0
 0

julia> B << 1
5-element BitVector:
 0
 1
 0
 0
 0

julia> B << -1
5-element BitVector:
 0
 1
 0
 1
 0

<<(x, n)

Left bit shift operator, x << n. For n >= 0, the result is x shifted left by n bits, filling with 0s. This is equivalent to x * 2^n. For n < 0, this is equivalent to x >> -n.

Examples

julia> Int8(3) << 2
12

julia> bitstring(Int8(3))
"00000011"

julia> bitstring(Int8(12))
"00001100"

See also >>, >>>, exp2, ldexp.

>>(B::BitVector, n) -> BitVector

Right bit shift operator, B >> n. For n >= 0, the result is B with elements shifted n positions forward, filling with false values. If n < 0, elements are shifted backwards. Equivalent to B << -n.

Examples

julia> B = BitVector([true, false, true, false, false])
5-element BitVector:
 1
 0
 1
 0
 0

julia> B >> 1
5-element BitVector:
 0
 1
 0
 1
 0

julia> B >> -1
5-element BitVector:
 0
 1
 0
 0
 0

>>(x, n)

Right bit shift operator, x >> n. For n >= 0, the result is x shifted right by n bits, filling with 0s if x >= 0, 1s if x < 0, preserving the sign of x. This is equivalent to fld(x, 2^n). For n < 0, this is equivalent to x << -n.

Examples

julia> Int8(13) >> 2
3

julia> bitstring(Int8(13))
"00001101"

julia> bitstring(Int8(3))
"00000011"

julia> Int8(-14) >> 2
-4

julia> bitstring(Int8(-14))
"11110010"

julia> bitstring(Int8(-4))
"11111100"

See also >>>, <<.

>>>(B::BitVector, n) -> BitVector

Unsigned right bitshift operator, B >>> n. Equivalent to B >> n. See >> for details and examples.

>>>(x, n)

Unsigned right bit shift operator, x >>> n. For n >= 0, the result is x shifted right by n bits, filling with 0s. For n < 0, this is equivalent to x << -n.

For Unsigned integer types, this is equivalent to >>. For Signed integer types, this is equivalent to signed(unsigned(x) >> n).

Examples

julia> Int8(-14) >>> 2
60

julia> bitstring(Int8(-14))
"11110010"

julia> bitstring(Int8(60))
"00111100"

BigInts are treated as if having infinite size, so no filling is required and this is equivalent to >>.

See also >>, <<.